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  • JavaScript:默认参数、扩展运算符、剩余参数和解构!

    javascript:默认参数、扩展运算符、剩余参数和解构!

    默认参数

    我们可以直接在参数列表中添加默认值

    function rolldie(numsides = 6) {
      return math.floor(math.random() * numsides) + 1;
    }
    

    这里,需要注意秩序。默认参数只能出现在任何没有默认值的参数之后:

    function greet(person, msg = 'hey there', punc = '!') {
      return `${msgs}, ${person}${punc}`;
    }
    

    传播

    spread 语法允许在需要零个或多个参数(对于函数调用)或元素(对于数组文字)的地方扩展可迭代对象,例如数组,或者在需要零个或多个键的地方扩展对象表达式需要 – 值对(对于对象文字)。 -mdn

    我们可以在数组上使用展开运算符:

    console.log(math.max(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2)); // 5
    const nums = [4, 3, 53, 3, 5, 2, 4, 920, 3, 5, 2];
    console.log(math.max(...nums)); // 920
    

    我们可以使用展开运算符来连接数组:

    const cats = ['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim'];
    const dogs = ['doggo', 'sir barks a lot'];
    const allpets = [...cats, ...dogs, 'goldy'];
    console.log(allpets); //['fluffy', 'zane', 'jim', 'doggo', 'sir barks a lot', 'goldy']
    

    我们可以使用 spread 将属性从一个对象复制到另一个对象:

    const feline = {
      legs: 4,
      family: 'felidae',
    };
    const canine = {
      family: 'canine',
      furry: true,
    };
    
    const dog = { ...canine, ispet: true };
    console.log(dog); // {family: 'canine', furry: true, ispet: true}
    
    // note, order matters - the last property takes precidence:
    const catdog = { ...feline, ...canine };
    console.log(catdog); // {legs: 4, family: 'canine', furry: true}
    

    在数组和字符串上传播使用索引作为键值:

    let newobj = { ...[2, 4, 6, 8] };
    console.log(newobj); // {0: 2, 1: 4, 2: 6, 3: 8}
    
    let anotherobj = { ...'hello' };
    console.log(anotherobj); //{0: 'h', 1: 'e', 2: 'l', 3: 'l', 4: 'o'}
    

    使用传播的一个更现实的例子是,如果我们想将数据添加到表单中:

    const datafromform = {
      email: 'jim@jimelm.com',
      password: '1234',
      username: 'jimelm',
    };
    
    const person = { ...datafromform, id: 2134, isadmin: false };
    console.log(person); // {email: 'jim@jimelm.com', password: '1234', username: 'jimelm', id: 2134, isadmin: false}
    

    其余参数

    休息与传播相反。它将一堆参数传递给函数并将它们组合成一个数组。一些例子包括:

    function sum(...nums) {
      return nums.reduce((total, el) => total + el);
    }
    
    function raceresults(gold, silver, ...everyoneelse) {
      console.log(`gold metal goes to ${gold}`);
      console.log(`silver metal goes to ${silver}`);
      console.log(`and thanks to: ${everyoneelse}`);
    }
    

    解构

    解构数组

    这是解构数组的示例:

    const scores = [999, 888, 777, 666, 555, 444];
    
    const [gold, silver, bronze, ...otherscores] = scores;
    console.log(gold); // 999
    console.log(silver); // 888
    console.log(bronze); // 777
    console.log(otherscores); // [666, 555, 444]
    

    解构对象

    这里我们将解构一个对象:

    const user = {
      email: 'marryelm@what.com',
      password: '134jsdf',
      firstname: 'marry',
      lastname: 'elm',
      born: 1927,
      died: 2091,
      city: 'hayward',
      state: 'ca',
    };
    
    const { email, state, city } = user;
    console.log(email); // marryelm@what.com
    console.log(state); // ca
    console.log(city); // hayward
    
    const { born: birthyear } = user;
    console.log(birthyear); // 1927
    

    我们可以为变量指定默认值,如下所示:

    const user2 = {
      email: 'stacy@what.com',
      firstname: 'stacy',
      lastname: 'kent',
      born: 1984,
      city: 'boise',
      state: 'id',
    };
    
    const { city, state, died } = user2;
    console.log(died); // undefined
    
    const { city, state, died = 'n/a' } = user2;
    console.log(died); // n/a
    

    解构参数

    我们还可以在函数参数内进行解构:

    const user2 = {
      email: 'stacy@what.com',
      firstname: 'stacy',
      lastname: 'kent',
      born: 1984,
      city: 'boise',
      state: 'id',
    };
    
    function fullname({ firstname, lastname = '???' }) {
      return `${firstname} ${lastname}`;
    }
    

    我们还可以在回调函数中进行解构:

    const movies = [
      {
        title: 'Indiana Jones',
        score: 77,
        year: 1994,
      },
      {
        title: 'Star Trek',
        score: 94,
        year: 1983,
      },
      {
        title: 'Deadpool',
        score: 79,
        year: 2001,
      },
    ];
    
    let ratings = movies.map(({ title, score }) => {
      return `${title} is rated ${score}`;
    });
    
    console.log(ratings); // ['Indiana Jones is rated 77', 'Star Trek is rated 94', 'Deadpool is rated 79']
    
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